DTLLS Applying theories and principles Essay

1. Throughout the years broad examination has been directed by numerous individuals by Psychologists and Scientists who looked to recognize the manners by which we learn. Thus a few speculations have gotten recorded each with alternate points of view the primary ones being behaviorism, neo-behaviorism, constructivism and humanism yet there are some who have an alternate view on these hypotheses. Minton (2002) recognized that â€Å"the history of instruction is covered with bombed hypotheses even those that were the consequence of forever and a day of research† (pg213). What is basic among all the speculations introduced is that learning happens in stages, in various pace and time and in various manners. The point of this paper is to examine a portion of the elements which can influence learning and accomplishment and how these hypotheses can be applied to comprehensive learning. 1.1 Analyze the variables that can influence learning and accomplishment. There are numerous variables that influence the learning and accomplishments of understudies. These elements might be viewed as an obstruction to certain people however similar elements can likewise be a wellspring of motivation and inspiration. Inspiration and motivation may originate from anybody inside the earth in which they consequently factors influencing learning and accomplishment can either be close to home or outer. Guardians impact children’s professions decisions both deliberately and accidentally. Essentially understudies might be similarly as roused by good examples and companions outside of the home. Outside components influencing learning and accomplishment can be take a gander at from a wide range of points. On the off chance that understudies live in a zone where there is a high pace of wrongdoing or are issues of packs and against social conduct then this can cause passionate and mental aggravation and unsettlement which can influence students’ capacity to concentrate on learning and accomplishment. Outer variables can likewise be reached out to incorporate neediness and hardship as this can restrain people to learning openings. Contingent upon the postcodes in which understudy experience this again can likewise be a noteworthy factor regarding whether the degree of learning and accomplishment can be accomplished particularly at times where the instructive foundations might not have the degree of assets or offices, or having reasonably prepared instructors to educate understudies. The family condition and foundation are likewise key variables which can affectâ learnin g and accomplishment which can be seen from various points. Above all else the family structure and backing of one or the two guardians of an understudy at home can be immensely compelling variable. As indicated by the Office of National Statistics distribution discharged on October 31, 2013 there are about 1.9 million solitary guardians with subordinate. The single parent noble cause Gingerbread, report this figure to be as high as 3 million youngsters living in a solitary parent family unit and 43 percent of single guardians are social lodging inhabitants (gingerbread.org.uk). There can be next to no uncertainty that there is a connection between the family and family structure and its effect on learning and accomplishments for understudies yet as recently referenced for some this might be an obstruction to a few however for other people, it very well may be a wellspring of inspiration and motivation. Exploration proposes â€Å"children flawless families will in general have a more prominent scholastic accomplishment and instructive achiev ement and are less inclined to display conduct issues at school. Their folks will in general be progressively associated with their school exercises and have better standard for them. It was additionally expressed that people from flawless families finished on normal more long periods of tutoring and were bound to move on from High School, go to College and complete school contrasted with peers brought up in mixed or single parent families.† (Family Facts.Org). Different factors additionally incorporate those kids who are under the consideration of the nearby in child care or cultivate homes or the individuals who have been detracted from their introduction to the world guardians. A high level of these kids may have experienced maltreatment and disregard which can influence their social and mental prosperity just as their discernment and regard. The significance and significance of this can't not be over stressed. It has been all around reported that how one sees themselves, their certainty and regard can impact their training accomplishment just like their capacities to viably speak with others. Individual components may incorporate an incapacity or learning challenges, for example, dyslexia or conventional legacy. Learning troubles could be a particular trouble in at least one zones of improvement especially if needs are not evaluated and being arrangements made to provide food for. Understudies with dyslexia may show a few propensities like moderate perusing or composing speed, inclination to misread or having a short fixation length and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Student’s response to dyslexia might be shifted as they may get disappointed and disturbed by the impacts anyway may beâ minimised if the issue is distinguished rapidly in the underlying evaluation stage with the goal that it is remembered for the arranging of exercises. It is basic for Teachers to have the option to distinguish the indications of dyslexia as here and there the understudies themselves may not generally know about this issue. Despite the fact that it might be an obstruction for some numerous understudies have profited by some great help from the two Teachers and Institutions. The impact of dyslexia makes boundaries understudies gaining and improvement from an instructive point of view as well as can likewise influence their social prosperity as they may experience issues arranging work and different parts of their lives. This might be especially valid for full grown understudies, some of whom will have had negative encounters of instruction prior throughout everyday life and may encounter progressively negative feelings, for example, stress, tension and low confidence. They may experience issues in performing multiple tasks, troubles in trucking out guidance or may get lost effectively, or may stir up dates for significant arrangements or gatherings. Other individual factors likewise incorporate issues relating to physical and mental wellbeing. For instance understudies who are hyperactive will in general discover focus troublesome which may likewise be a boundary to their own learning and improvement as well as that of different students. 1.2 Explain how hypotheses and standards of learning and correspondence can be applied to empower comprehensive learning and instructing. As training experts it is important that an adaptable and liberal way to deal with instructing be grasped and embraced for figuring out how to be accomplished. In addition to the fact that we need to be adaptable with our training styles need to apply a similar rule in conveying exercises and making a reasonable domain for accomplishments to be acquired. This is vital in light of the fact that understudies learn in various manners and structures. The vark learning styles hypothesis depended on research which was attempted by Neil Flemming in 1987 and is one of the more well known devices used to recognize how understudies learn and are described as being either sound, visual or kinaesthetic student. Sound-related students learn best by hearing data and are typically acceptable at recollecting information exchanged which an amazingly valuable segmen t in the correspondence procedure is. Visual students learn best through the composed word and retain data by perusing data by understanding books or taking notes. A few exercises may expect understudies to work in bunches where they can associate withâ their friends and communicate and a few exercises may likewise expect them to deal with their own. This has been speculated by Vygotsky’s zone of proximal turn of events. The standard of this hypothesis depends on the conviction that what understudies realize with the assistance of others surpasses what they can realize all alone and features the equals between these significant elements of gathering work and its advantages in understudies gaining from one another where the solid backings the powerless. One could contend this would make an appropriate learning condition where all understudies grow new aptitudes as through this incorporation and cooperation of friends it was conceivable to instruct the individuals who are supposed uneducable. On the other hand there might be some who could then contend that the hypothesis may not be as advantageous to certain understudies and may in truth be keeping down their turn of events. Conversely the Piaget hypothesis propose that advancement precedes learning and consequently since we were completely brought into the world with the capacity to get the hang of, learning could be progressively troublesome later except if there is almost no introduction to the reasonable taking in condition since early on. Piaget further proposes that learning must hold up until understudies are prepared. Vygotsky contended, â€Å"Learning is a fundamental and all inclusive part of the way toward growing socially sorted out, explicitly human mental capacity, as such, social learning will in general go before development† (SS). I decipher this announcement imply that Vygotsky was of the view that instruction is an individual procedure and everybody learns at their own rate, when they are prepared to learn, paying little mind to age. 3.1 Analyze manners by which least center components can be exhibited in applying speculations and standards for arranging and empowering comprehensive learning and instructing The base center components are considered as one of the essential abilities and information required in having the option to convey compelling exercises as a Teacher independent of the territory of specialism. Having the information, understanding and individual aptitudes in English, Numeracy and ICT furnishes us with the stage to be capable show and exhibit speculations and standards to encourage their learning. â€Å"Improving these aptitudes will empower you to successfully satisfy your job as an expert instructor, it’s about having the option to build up these abilities in your students† (Ann Gravels). For certain Teachers it might be important to go to classes to get their center components up to the necessary standard through boost cours

The United Nations and Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The United Nations and Colombia - Essay Example The Republic of Colombia, which accomplished autonomy from Spain in 1810 and got perceived in 1819, joined the UN on fifth October 1945 (Borda and Castillo 3). It is among the current part states and is situated on South America’s northwestern coast. The nation has Ambassador Maria Emma Mejia as its perpetual agent to the UN. This paper will examine on how Colombia began in the UN, how it has kept up itself throughout the years as a part, its relations with the association, and the past and current activities it has had with it. Quickly portraying the UN, its framework is essentially organized on five key organs which incorporate the General Assembly, the International Court of Justice, the Security Council, the Secretariat and the Economic and Social Council (Fasulo 14). The General Assembly settle non-necessary suggestions to nations and settles on choices on the confirmation of new part states after the Security Council’s proposal. The Secretariat, led by the UN Secretary General, offers authoritative help to different bodies, while the International Court of Justice chooses and settles questions between nations that recognize its assessments and ward. The Security Council’s key duty is keeping up universal security and harmony, and the Economic and Social Council organizes social and monetary undertakings internationally (Fasulo 15). To turn into a part condition of the UN just as an individual from the UN General Assembly, the organization’s principle deliberative gathering of which all part states are, Colombia satisfied the commitments specified by the Charter. Some portion of the necessities express that despite the fact that participation is available to all states, such states must be sovereign, harmony adoring and ready to watch all commitments as contained in the Charter. Further, in similarity with the arrangements of Article 4, Chapter 2 of the UN Charter, Colombia was exposed to the General Assembly’s choice after the

Seat Belt Safety

Seat Belt Safety Seat Belt Safety Home›Consideration Posts›Seat Belt Safety Consideration PostsSEAT BELT SAFETY: Safety belt safety is of fundamental importance to every person around the world. Organizational pattern: This will use Monroe’s motivated sequence. General purpose: To show people the importance of having a seat belt on at all times when riding in a car no matter the distance to be covered. Specific purpose: To influence people positively in the use of safety belts on our roads.Introduction: Just last week there was a story carried on one of the   television stations that showed some automobile accidents that had occurred over the last six months. One of the main features that was highlighted was the case of one lady who had suffered spinal injuries and was now paralyzed from the neck down. She was talking about the importance of having a seat belt on at all times and was regretting the fact that she had not listened to her sixth sense that was telling her to fasten her seatbelt be fore pulling her car out onto the drive way. She was so remorseful and regretted her actions that day which eventually led to her disability, something that she could have avoided if she had her seat belt on.Relevance: Seat belt safety affects all of us because we all ride in auto mobiles and we cannot predict when we will be victims of a road accident. According to the Motor Vehicle Association, 3 million Americans are injured in auto accidents annually. (statistic Orme 27) and another   50,000 people are killed each year through road carnage. (statistic Orme 29). vRoad safety and the use of seat belts is our responsibility since we all are at risk while on the road. Thesis: This paper will be a simple way of showing just how important it is for us all to start practicing seat belt safety for our own safety.Need step A. People should be made aware of the importance of seat belt safety since its effects on people keep increasing. B. The total number of people killed on our roads i s the equivalent to a 747 jumbo jet crashing every other day for a year thus making our roads the most lethal means of transport. (Analogy Orme 29) 2. Automobile accidents are thus the leading cause of death for people of high-school and college age, (Factual example Consumers 10)C. Seat belt safety affects all the people since we all use the roads and most of us have cars or are in a position to ride in an automobile every day either while going to school, to work or to do other errands.We are all directly affected when it comes to seat belt safety since we all are in a position to be victims to road carnage or are in a position to have a loved one in that position and if they are involved in a road accident then we will be in charge of them during their recovery stages. You can save yourself from becoming part of these statistics by wearing your seatbelt. A. According to the Department of Transportation, 15,000 lives would be saved annually if every driver fastened his or her se atbelt every time he or she rode in a car. (statistic Lumet 45) B. A study by the Motor Vehicle Association showed that the chances of individual death and injury are reduced 50 percent by the use of seatbelts. (statistic Dinkel 46). Satisfaction. A. The only solution to end this problem is for all of us to ensure that we fasten our seat belts at all times.Since we are all aware that automobile accidents are the leading cause of death for people of all ages (factual example Consumers 10) we can save ourselves and the people we love from becoming part of these statistics by wearing your seatbelt. B. We all have to first and foremost ensure that we have good quality seat belts installed in our vehicles and then make sure we put them on when in our cars. When riding in public vehicles we should also ensure that our seat belts are on too, this also applies to when we ride in taxi cabs. C. As much as we all want to have safety on our roads by regulating speed limits and keeping our ca rs in good service conditions, the bottom line is that our main safety is the use of seat belts (Analogy-Rune, 6).. Even when we observe speed limits, keep to our lanes and keep our cars in good condition, it is not obvious that we would not be involved in car accidents. Since we cannot predict the time we might be involved in an accident, then we should make sure that we have our seat belts on at all times.Visualization step: A.   If involved in an accident we can be sure that if one has their seat belt on then the effects of the accident can be reduced and the injuries can be minimal. B. The degree of injuries increases many times over when one does not have their seat belt on and in the worst case scenarios death is an eventuality.Conclusion: A seat belt costs nothing, it comes already installed in a car and all one has to do is pull it out and safely lock it in place, this takes less than a minute to do but it can mean the fine line between life and death in case of an accident.

Malcolm X The Ballod or the Bullet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 763 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? In the speech ballot or bullet, Malcolm x was addressing racial, economic, and social justice issues that were affecting the black community in 1964. Malcolm x identified other Christian ministers that were in the political struggle for economic and social justice. Despite being a Muslim who acknowledged Mohamed as his savior, Malcolm X believed religion was his personal business between himself and the God he believed, just as it was with other social justice advocates who were Christians including the likes of Dr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malcolm X: The Ballod or the Bullet" essay for you Create order Martin Luther. He believed that religion should not bring divisiveness among the black community if they were to succeed in their struggle for justice. Mr. Malcolm X insists that if the black community could ignore their religious difference and maintain it only between themselves and their God, then they could be able to join each other on a common fight for their rights and freedom. Brother Malcolm criticized the whites for controlling the black politicians and black politic and encouraged Black Nationalism and letting the blacks represent themselves by voting politicians they wanted. Malcolm X spoke against the blacks who were political projects and puppets of the whites. He encouraged his fellow black community members to be politically mature in order to avoid being misled to supporting politicians who did not have the best interest of the community at heart; this included them knowing the role the politics plays in their lives. He encouraged political consciousness and maturity among to enable elect leaders who suited their interest. Mr. Malcolm X informed on the need for the black people to be in control of their economy, he encouraged the black community to spend their money on businesses started by their black fellows as even the whites would not allow a black person to operate in the white communities. He educated that by taking a dollar out of a community the place will eventually become poor and ghetto while enriching where the dollar is taken. He encouraged the black to start small businesses which would grow after time and create employment opportunity for their population. Malcolm X understood that all blacks suffered from political oppression, economic exploitation, and social degradation from the whites government hence the need to unite against their common enemy. Consistently Malcolm X insisted to the black community on the needs to rely on themselves for solution and introduction of education program, he introduced the Black Nationalism as the self-help program needed to solve their problem. He argued the blacks to stand and act strongly against the oppression of any kind especially second class citizenship which he referred as slavery insisted that the time to act was then as the people were fed up of being taxed and misrepresented, degraded and abused. Malcolm X classified himself as either a democrat or republican but a black victim of them all. Brother x discourages the greed of black folks in a political position which makes them easily manipulated by white politicians. He informed that there is no distinction between Democrats and Republicans but fooled the blacks in order to get their votes and was done with them after that. Therefore, by electing any party they wanted, the black community would still get the same results as all parties were controlled by the majority whites who acted without the goodwill of the black man at their heart. Malcolm X advocated for Black Nationalism which informed bloody revolution action which would have more bloodshed than the Russian and Chinese revolution rather than the peaceful course of action advocated by other social justice fighters. Malcolm X discouraged fear among the black community of their odds of winning the war of revolution against the whites by informing them that the atomic bombs were useless. He outlined that America was involved in many wars but there was nowhere they w ere winning and even the African countries were winning against colonial powers despite their poor and crude weapons. Malcolm x utilizes repetition he his speech regularly, for instance, I am a Muslim minister, the same as they are Christian ministers, I am a Muslim minister. The repetitive device used helps to keep the audience hooked and interested. Repetition helps drive a point home with ease and also keeps the crowded expecting more or ready to understand. Malcolm X uses this device effectively to keep his audience lively and ready to listen more. Malcolm X also while in the nation of Islam also gave a speech in Detroit, Michigan where he outlined all the basic of Black Nationalists philosophy and established movement of civil rights as a major critic.

Fast Facts About Ancient Greek Colonies

Brief Biography and their Styles Free Essays

Born in 1905, Christian Dior was a French designer whose destiny to be a fashion designer was in his blood. His grandfather, Louis-Jean Dior, first established the Dior fortune, although it was nothing related to fashion. The grandfather established the business of producing char from oxidized roots and then importing guano from Chile and Peru. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Biography and their Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now The business was then expanded by the cousins Lucien and Maurice Dior, the latter being Christian Dior’s father (Pochna 8). His mother who was the most influential person in his life; he was never interested of his father’s work. Madeleine, his mother, longed for beautiful things to compensate for the â€Å"less appealing nature of her husband’s profession† (Pochna 12). Eventually, Christian studied political science at Paris and created costumes for the annual carnivals back at his hometown. But his journey to success was not smooth sailing. His mother died, the family’s business went broke, and Christian developed tuberculosis. It was only in 1946 when he was given a break to be a designer (â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck†). The name Christian Dior became one of the top-of-the-line brands in the fashion world. Today, he is known for introducing a collection of feminine clothes with soft rounded shapes, flowing skirts, and nipped-in waists. He envisioned creations that are â€Å"luxurious, exquisite and very womanly. † For this reason, he won the hearts of many women around the world (â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck†). In addition, Dior is known for creating wonderful dresses called â€Å"Venus† and â€Å"Junon. † Jeanne Lanvin The year 1867 witnessed the birth of another future couturiere. Despite poverty, Jeanne Lanvin rose to being a famous designer. At the young age of 16, she learned how to make hats. Later on, she conducted an on-the-job training at Suzanne Talbot’s fashion house and became a young milliner. Her training taught her the right skills in dressmaking. After a few years, Lanvin set up stalls to sell her hats. Later on, she opened her very own boutique. She became famous among Parisian mothers when she made a dress for her sister and her niece. Lanvin created dresses with charming pleats and trimmed with English embroidery (Sanderson). Lanvin also became famous for the â€Å"robes de style† clothing, characterized with tight waists and full skirts. Her creations were to be the precursors of Christian Dior’s â€Å"New Look† creations. In addition, she was also known for the â€Å"la chemise† dress. This was to become the â€Å"basic silhouette† for the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition, Lanvin was known for intriguing designs, such as her Riviera collection which featured Aztec-inspired embroidery. In 1922, her collection was added with a â€Å"Breton† suit. It consisted of a gathered skirt with a short and braided jacket. The jacket, in turn, has many tiny buttons and boasted a white organdy collar. The suit also came with a sailor hat (de Mesterton). Lanvin’s creations were in demand among actresses and royal personalities. Many people liked the way Lanvin designed her creations with embroidery, beading, and use of exotic embellishments. Not only these, but Lanvin also made sure that her dresses were of high quality. Additionally, she believed that women should wear clothes that are colorful and feminine. She created dresses with empire-waists, sleeves that were long and flowing, billowing skirts, and tight waists. She made use of luxurious fabrics in her creations and incorporated ruffles, lace, flowers, beading, and ribbons. The Lanvin style was also known to make use of applique, parallel stitching, and embroidery (de Mesterton). Madeleine Vionnet Madeleine Vionnet was another French designer born on 1876. Just like Lanvin, Vionnet learned from an early age the skills of dressmaking. When she was 11, she became an apprentice of a seamstress. By the age of 19, she became a premiere d’atelier. In 1902, she entered the House of Callot Soeurs and learned to make dresses through â€Å"impeovizational draping. † A few years later, she became a designer at the House of Doucet. This was where Vionnet was inspired to make clothes for uncorsetted bodies (Bissonnette). Vionnet worked for many dressmakers in London and Paris before launching her own house in 1912. She revolutioned the world of fashion when she developed the bias cut, characterized as sleek and graceful style. The bias cut enabled the clothing to cling to the body like a second skin. With this creation, Vionnet became famous, and many people would praise the way she combined geometry and anatomy to her dresses. Vionnet was also known to pay close attention to the medium and fabric she used. Furthermore, Vionnet took advantage of the knowledge that the body is a three-dimensional entity. Thus, she developed techniques such as pleating, twisting, cutting, tucking, wrapping and looping fabric (Bissonnette). In addition, Vionnet made use of the bias cut by creating garments that did not use corsets and constricting undergarments. She was a popular designer in the 1930s when she introduced garments that sensually cling to the body. These creations were inspired by medieval styles including Greek and Roman. Aside from the famous bias cut, Vionnet was also the mastermind behind the creation of cowl neck, handkerchief dress, and the halter top (â€Å"Vionnet, Madeleine†). Vionnet was different from other designers in such a way that her creations were hard to copy. This was because she was afraid that others would copy her style and sell them cheaply (Condra 124). Victor Stiebel In the fashion world, Victor Stiebel is known for creating romantic evening gowns and flawless tailoring. This was later became Stiebel’s signature as a designer. Born in 1907, Stiebel studied architecture at Cambridge where he designed the costumes for a theatrical presentation. In 1927, the Victoria Albert had two of Stiebel’s designs. One featured a black and white evening dress in Garconne style. The other one was a black and silver gown with an appliqued snake from hem to bodice (Conekin 147). Two years later, Stiebel trained at Reville where he learned the skills for creating evening garments. Three years was enough for Stiebel to fully learn the necessary skills for haute couture (Conekin 147). He opened his very own house in 1932. Despite the â€Å"diminishing role of the court dressmaker,† Stiebel chose to establish himself along this line. Surprisingly, his creations were acclaimed. Many considered his garments as â€Å"very striking creations. † In addition, the simple evening gowns he made were praised as â€Å"particularly suited to the Englishwoman’s figure. † Stiebel was also famous for cleverly using pleats and draperies that defined the body. His signature was then known to be the artful use of striped fabrics (Conekin 148). Not only were these Stiebel’s creations that garnered praises from fashion magazines. He was admired for featuring slender cut and floral printed dresses. Specifically, Stiebel created an Empire line dress made from oyster satin which featured a silver-edged train. He also proved to be a resourceful and imaginative designer. He designed clothes that were appropriate for the season (Conekin 148). In 1942, Stiebel, along with other designers, founded the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers. The organization aimed to represent the interests of London fashion designers. During this time, some of Stiebel’s creations were gown in flowing Grecian styles made of silk jersey. He also designed and created a black gown with ostrich feathers trimmings. Many of his other designs were featured on fashion magazines (Conekin 151). Pauline Trigere Pauline Trigere is another Paris-born designer who rose to fame because of her own style in designing and creating clothes. She migrated to the United States and became an American citizen in the 1940s. She was the daughter of a tailor, and she longed to be a professional in the fashion world. Before opening her own house in 1942, Trigere worked for other design houses in New York. Armed with the skills she learned from her father and from the design houses, she created 11 dresses which her brother sold. Her clothes were sold because the boutiques liked the way Trigere created them (Ward Ferguson). Her clothes were famously known for being feminine-fitting. Aside from this, the wealthy and famous personalities liked her style of exquisite tailoring. Trigere also made use of very expensive materials, thus driving the prices of her creations higher. One of her famous creations was the wardrobe of Patricia Neal in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s† (Ward Ferguson). Trigere is known for many things, one of which is the creation of the first reversible coat. Coats were her most recognized garment, and she made various styles. She was also known for creating sleeveless coats and coats featuring detachable scarves. She also included her trademark turtle pins among her clothes (Ward Ferguson). Additionally, Trigere was known for directly turning sketches into dresses because she herself did not know how to sketch. But this was not a disadvantage for the creative designer. What Trigere did was to â€Å"cut and drape from bolts of fabric† (Nemy 1). Even after death, Trigere is praised by her peers for beingan intellectual designer and creator of timeless fashion (Nemy 1). Works Cited Bissonnette, Anne. 2001. Vionnet. Kent State University Museum. 27 April 2009 http://dept. kent. edu/museum/exhibit/vionnet/main. htm. â€Å"Christian Dior’s Luck. † 2007. Articlesbase. 27 April 2009 http://www. articlesbase. com/art-and-entertainment-articles/christian-diors-luck-254390. html. Condra, Jill. The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history. United States: Greenwood Publishing group, 2008. Conekin, Becky. The Englishness of English Dress. England: Berg Publishers, 2002. De Mesterton, M-J. 2008. History of the House of Lanvin. Elegant Survival. 27 April 2009 http://www. elegantsurvival. net/elegantcultureandtravel. htm. Nemy, Enid. 2002. Pauline Trigere, 93, Exemplar of American Styles, Dies. The New York Times. 27 April 2009 http://www. nytimes. com/2002/02/15/nyregion/pauline-trigere-93-exemplar-of-american-style-dies. html. How to cite Brief Biography and their Styles, Papers

My Mother Said I Never Should Essay Example

My Mother Said I Never Should Essay When looking for my contemporary monologue I at first wasnt sure what kind of monologue I wanted, I knew I wanted one which showed quite a bit of emotion but as to which monologue I should of chose I was stuck on. I eventually found one monologue its called my mother said I never should by Charlotte Keatley. The play is about difficult relationships between mothers and daughters. It goes forwards and backwards between 1905 and 1987. It shows the lives of four generations of women, their loves, expectations and choices throughout their lives. They are set against the huge social changes on the twentieth century. In the scene from which my monologue came from it is in 1987, Jackie is in her mid-thirties and she runs an art gallery in manchester. She has a very successful life but has a very painful secret. In the the early seventies at the age of nineteen she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter Rosie. She couldnt handle the demands of single parenthood after Rosies father moved away with another woman. She then had to give Rosie up under pressure from her mother, and so she was brought up by her grandparents. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Later on one Margaret who Rosie thought was her mother had just died from cancer, Rosie was going through paperwork only to find her birth certificate. That is when she found out that Jackie was her actual mother and Jackie then trys to explain herself. Jackie- How dare you! (Goes to hit Rosie but cannot. ) Youre at the centre of everything I do! (Slight pause. ) Mummy treated me as though Id simply fallen over and cut my knee picked me up and said youll be all right now, it wont show much. She wanted to make it all better. (Quiet. ) †¦ She was the one who wanted it kept secret †¦ I wanted you, Rosie. Angry. ) For the first time in my life I took care of myself refused joints, did exercises, went to the clinic. (Pause. ) Its a girl. (Smiles irresistibly. ) After youd gone I tried to lose that memory. (Pause. Effort. ) Graham †¦ your father. (Silence. ) He couldnt be there the day you were born, he had to be in Liverpool. He was married. (Emphatic. ) He loved me, he loved you, you must believe that! (Pause. ) He said hed leave his wife, but I knew he wouldnt; there were two young children, the youngest was only four †¦ wed agreed, separate lives, I wanted to bring you up. He sent money. (Pause. ) I took you to Lyme Park one day, I saw them together, across the lake, he was buying them ice creams, his wife was taking a photo. I think they live in Leeds now, I saw his name in the Guardian last year, an article about his photographs †¦ (Pause. ) It was a very cold winter after you were born. There were power cuts. I couldnt keep the room warm; there were no lights in the tower blocks; I knew he had an open fire, it was trendy; so we took a bus to Didsbury, big gardens, pine kitchens, made a change from concrete. I rang the bell. (Stops. ) A Punjabi man answered, said he was sorry †¦ theyd moved. By the time we got back to Moss Side it was dark, the lift wasnt working (Stops. ) That was the night I phoned Mummy. (Difficult. ) Asked her. (Pause. ) I tried! I couldnt do it, Rosie. (Pause. ) It doesnt matter how much you succeed afterwards, if youve failed once. (Pause. ) After youd gone †¦ I kept waking in the night to feed you †¦ A week †¦ in the flat †¦ Then I went back to art school. Sandra and Hugh thought I was inhuman. I remember the books hat came out that winter how to succeed as a single working mother fairytales! (Pause. ) Sandra and Hugh have a family now. Quite a few of my friends do. (Pause. ) I could give you everything now. Rosie? †¦ In this monologue I could see that the short sentances punctuated by pauses and silences, bursts of anger and overemphasis show how difficult it is for Jackie. I thought about how hard it must be to tell your daughter that you gave her away, Jackie has now lost her mother and wasnt there for her in time to say goodbye. Now her relationship with her daughter is at stake. Jackie who is guilt and grief stricken she trys to offer a fractured explanation for what she did. You can see that she is still trying to hold on to the myth that the father of Rosie still loves them both as she trys to get Rosie to also belive it. I thought that this monologue was a very good emotional one. I feel that I could perform this fairly well as I can look at the emotion and I can portray it fairly well. The second monologue I looked at was called Cant stand up for falling down by Richard Cameron. The play is set in a coal mining town in South Yourkshire on a stretch down by the River Don. It is about three young women, all deeply affected by the death of a local man, all with a good reason to hate the heartless town bully, Royce Boland. The story starts to unfold through looking at each of their perspectives and series of monologues which are often addressed directly to the audience. Lynette is a working class Yorkshire woman of twenty-two. She married Royce at eighteen but has lived to regret it. She was brought up to belive that marriage is sacred and you must try your hardest to make it work. But Royce is a violent drunk man who beats, demeans and terrorises her. Royce forced her to give up her job in the coal board offices and now she stays home cooks, cleans and sometimes works in their fish tackle shop. Every now and then she shows a bleak sense of humor. There are moments throughout where she is sorry and things improve for a while. It shows in her monologue that it is true hatred that runs through her for him. My Mother Said I Never Should Essay Example My Mother Said I Never Should Paper My Mother Said I Never Should follows the story of four generations of women, a great-grand-daughter a daughter, a mother and a grandmother, grappling with social forces that threaten to split them apart as the twentieth century grows older. Widely studied on Drama syllabuses the play moves back and forth through the lives of the women, it sets the enormous social changes of this century against the needs of the individual. After reading the play mentioned, my initial sentiments on it were that I highly enjoyed it because I found it highly engaging and very original and abstract by its use of different time frames and using the waste-ground scenes as a type of limbo where time is of no consequence and causes the reader to primarily focus on the relationships between each woman. Nonetheless, I found myself becoming highly confused whilst reading the play due to the constant switching between time frames. In my opinion, I think the playwright is trying to convey the hidden relationships between women within the same family. She tries to show how each of the women interact with each other and how the role of women in society can change within each generation. Keatley tries to focus primarily on women and I feel that the men within the play were portrayed as the draw-backs of the women, for example, in the play Margaret becomes highly depressed due to her failing marriage with Ken. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Said I Never Should specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another example would be that Jackies career and opportunity for the future couldve been destroyed because she fell pregnant with Neils baby, and soon after, Neil abandons her. The message the playwright was trying to put across is the how the unique bonds between mothers and daughters survives behind closed doors, and how secrecy may slowly destroy a family. The practical problems I foresaw in performing this play were being able to mentally as well as physically change myself into a female child, teenager, adult or old woman. I also found it challenging to be able to relate to each character and infuse a little part of my personality to each of them. I found I had these problems because I have not experienced some of the things the characters within the play had done. I managed to overcome this by remembering certain plays/television programmes/films I have seen that cover the certain subjects that each character was going through, for example when Jackie fell pregnant, I thought of Lolita by Stanley Kubrick when Lolita falls pregnant at 16/17.

National Hockey League and Wayne Gretzky Essay Example

National Hockey League and Wayne Gretzky Essay Example National Hockey League and Wayne Gretzky Essay National Hockey League and Wayne Gretzky Essay Profile: Wayne Gretzky, The Great One On January 26, 1961 Wayne Douglas Gretzky was born in Brantford, Ontario. At the young age of six, Wayne was skating in a backyard rink that his father Walter had built him. It was there that he developed his hockey sense and skills. Walter had a substantial influence on Wayne and his hockey game, and it wasnt long for Walter to notice that Wayne had some special talents. Growing up Wayne was always the best player in his age group, therefore he would play in many leagues above his age. While playing against players much older nd bigger than he, he continued to dominate and set records that are untouchable. One of his most noticeable records as a young player was a 378 goal season in his last year of pee-wee. He was labelled The Great Gretzky or The Great One. He first dawned his famous number 99 when he was 16 because his favourite number 9 was taken by a senior player on the team. His number 99 went on to be retired by National Hockey League. Wayne Gretzky Biography). Wayne Gretzky Joined the NHL with the Edmonton Oilers in the 1979-1980 season. He played nine seasons with the Oilers winning the Hart trophy (most valuable layer) eight times, the Art Ross (leader in points) seven times and the Stanley Cup four times. He spent 21 seasons in the National Hockey League playing for four different teams: Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, St. Louis Blues and the New York Rangers. He set an astonishing 61 league records, some of his most outstanding records that still exist are: most goals, most assists, most points and my personal favorite, the fastest player to score 50 goals from the start of the season- 39 games. (Statistics from- Famous Canadians). When The Great One retired in 1999 he was nducted into the Hockey Hall Of Fame, and he was considered the greatest player of all time by many sports writers. After his playing career, Wayne could not stay away from the game he loved. In 2000, he was introduced as the Managing Partner of the Phoenix Coyotes, where he also spent four years as the head coach. Wayne Gretzky is not only a professional on the ice but off the ice as well. He is actively involved with Hockey Canada and holds many charity events to support the Wayne Gretzky Foundation which is dedicated to support and give disadvantaged children in North America the opportunity to play Wayne is a Canadian icon and has affected many people not only in Canada but around the world. He singlehandedly changed the game of hockey, and the way it is played; the game now allows for smaller and skilled players, the player that Wayne Gretzky was. He has had a major impact on Canadian hockey and how Canadians always strive to be the best at what they do. He has personally impacted me in multiple ways; I have looked up to him and how he plays on the ice and how he handles himself off the ice. He is extremely professional, caring of others and worked ard for everything he has earned. In the sporting world there are many legends such as Muhammad All, Micheal Jordan and Babe Ruth. The small Canadian hockey player from Brantford, Ontario is mentioned with these names and some say Wayne Gretzky is the greatest athlete of the 20th century. References -Canadaka. net. (2012). Wayne Gretzky Biography. In Famous Canadians. Sept 3, 2012, from canadaka. net/modules. php? -Hockey Hall Of Fame. (Unknown). Wayne Gretzky Biography. In Gretzky. com. Sept 3, 2012, from http:// www. gretzky. com/hockey/bio. php.

Quotes From Princess Diana

Quotes From Princess Diana When Diana Spencer married Prince Charles, the world opened its arms to the new royal bride. Princess Diana was an overnight hero, a youth icon and a benefactor of the poor. She was a figure of passion, empathy, and kindness to the commoners. People thronged to wave at her, while she smiled at every face. As Princess of Wales, Diana was involved with many charitable organizations. She defied custom by involving herself with AIDS charitable programs. She was often photographed hugging an AIDS-afflicted child. Diana was grounded in her beliefs. In time, her marriage faltered and eventually ended in divorce. Her premature death in an accident on the streets of Paris shocked the world. Princess Diana lives on in the hearts of her well-wishers. In this collection of Princess Dianas remarks lie the passion, aspiration, hopes, and dreams of a young princess. Princess Diana on Random Acts of Kindness Helping people in need is a good and essential part of my life, a kind of destiny. Carry out a random act of kindness, with no expectation of reward, safe in the knowledge that one day someone might do the same for you. Comments on Her Marriage There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded. Any sane person would have left long ago. But I cannot. I have my sons. I think like any marriage, especially when youve had divorced parents like myself; you want to try even harder to make it work. The Importance of Family Family  is the most important thing in the world.   I will fight for my children on any level so they can reach their potential as human beings and in their public duties. I live for my sons. I would be lost without them. I want my boys to have an understanding of peoples emotions, their insecurities, peoples distress, and their hopes and dreams. About the Monarchy Being a princess isnt all its cracked up to be.   Its vital that the monarchy keeps in touch with the people. Its what I try and do. Id like to be a queen in peoples hearts, but I dont see myself being  queen  of this country. Call me Diana, not Princess Diana.   On the Meaning of Life Life is just a journey. The biggest disease this day and age is that of people feeling unloved. So many people supported me through my public life, and I will never forget them. The Importance of Love If you find someone you love in your life, then hang on to that love. I went to the school and put it to William, particularly, that if you find someone you love in life, you must hang onto it, and look after it, and if you were lucky enough to find someone who loved you, then you must protect it. My first thoughts are that I should not let people down, that I should support them and love them. I knew what my job was; it was to go out and meet the people and love them. Every one of us needs to show how much we care for each other and, in the process, care for ourselves. Happiness I dont want expensive gifts; I dont want to be bought. I have everything I want. I just want someone to be there for me, to make me feel safe and secure. When you are happy you can forgive a great deal. Princess Dianas Personal Philosophy I dont go by the rule book. I lead from the heart, not the head. I like to be a free spirit. Some dont like that, but thats the way I am. Anywhere I see suffering, that is where I want to be, doing what I can. I wear my heart on my sleeve. Is it a weakness that I lead from my heart and not my head? Hugs can do great amounts of good- especially for children.   Thoughts on Helping Others Nothing brings me more happiness than trying to help the most vulnerable people in society. It is a goal and an essential part of my life- a kind of destiny. Whoever is in distress can call on me. I will come running wherever they are. I think the biggest disease the world suffers from in this day and age is the disease of people feeling unloved. I know that I can give love for a minute, for half an hour, for a day, for a month, but I can give. I am very happy to do that, I want to do that. I want to walk into a room, be it a hospital for the dying or a hospital for the sick children, and feel that I am needed. I want to do, not just to be. Random Musings I dont even know how to use a parking meter, let alone a phone box. If men had to have babies, they would only ever have one each. People think at the end of the day that a man is the only answer to fulfillment. Actually, a job is better for me. Im as thick as a plank. Im aware that people I have loved and have died and are in the spirit world looking after me. The greatest problem in the world today is intolerance. Everyone is so intolerant of each other. The kindness and affection from the public have carried me through some of the most difficult periods, and always your love and affection have eased the journey.

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Presentation - Essay Example Different scientist and researchers have taken it upon themselves to try and, understand the mechanism of the mysterious X chromosome as well as its inactivation amongst the female. i. A team of scientist in the Journal neuron noted a complexity in shutting and waking of chromosomes. Understanding the X- chromosomes mechanism of action, aids in the application of stem cells in treatment procedures (â€Å"The New York Times†). ii. Females have more genome diversity than males since different copies of X chromosome. Males have only a single X chromosome hence they do not possess genetic complexity compared to their female counterparts. The copies of X-chromosome possess different genes and this is an advantage since in case of a defective gene, there will be back up from another gene (â€Å"The New York Times†). i. According to a study done by Susumu Ohno, a Japanese biologist who first identified chromosome inactivation, one of the X chromosomes present in females usually becomes dormant and ceases producing proteins (â€Å"The New York Times†). ii. Another scientist by name Mary Lyon carried out a research by breeding mice. She realized that some offspring retained hair colour of their mothers and some retained that of their fathers. This explained chromosome inactivation since the colour gene is evident on the X chromosome (â€Å"The New York Times†). i. Following the discovery by Lyon, Jeremy Nathans from Johns Hopkins University together with his colleagues decided to investigate more on the works of Mary Lyon. They therefore carried out the following experiment. ii. Pictures from this experiment indicate that X chromosome inactivation leads to genetic diversity. Dr. Nathan hopes that his pictures could serve as an atlas in analysing effects of X chromosomes shutting in females (â€Å"The New York Times†). iii. The X-chromosomes form both parents could dominate opposite sides of an organ such like mothers X chromosome for the right and fathers X

Solaris System Resource Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Solaris System Resource Manager - Essay Example The system administrator can allocate CPU resources according to predefined shares as opposed to fixed percentages, which allows the system to dynamically apportion all available resources according to the relative proportion f shares f any current user. The SRM pro rates resource shares to users and groups and then adjusts CPU usage to meet the shares. Dr. Gunther presents two significant differences between the TS and SRM schedulers. The first is that the SRM guarantees a minimum percentage f CPU, rather than a fixed percentage. The other difference is that when the allocations are changed dynamically, the SRM changes are not always immediately reflected the in percentages f CPU time the users receive. Dr. Gunther's first example explains that if a user is awarded 10 f 100 shares, that user receives a minimum f 10% f the CPU resources when the machine is busy. If the machine is only 50% active, the same user will receive double or 20% f the CPU resources. This CPU usage is determined by an instantaneous and periodic sampling f the usage to adjust the resource usage. Since the usage has to be sampled and adjusted, this causes a time lag between the allocation and the realization f resources. ... Learning Outcome The goal f the SRM is to dynamically adjust each user's CPU usage to reflect the ratio f shares to which the user is entitled. Dr. Gunther uses a modeling tool called PDQ to demonstrate several capacity planning scenarios. The first scenario presents two small share users in one group. The data compares TS and SRM response times as well as comparisons f SRM response times between scenarios. The user with fewer shares in the first scenario has a longer wait than with traditional TS schedulers. The wait is significantly longer for a small share user when a large share user is brought online in the second scenario. When two groups are active in the third scenario, the group with smaller shares suffers performance degradation. The fourth scenario presents results from all three groups being active. The groups with the largest number f shares have significant performance improvement while the opposite occurs for the small share groups. Gunther points out that allowing a sudden swing in re sponse times by an order f magnitude or more is highly undesirable when allocating SRM shares and this has to be considered when a particular group is given too many resource shares. In addition, a single user from a different group can have a large impact on a separate group. Dr. Gunther recommends a method to use when setting the SRM tuning parameters. If on a particular system, the service demands and workload intensity are less relative to the case studies presented, Gunther predicts the SRM will performance will be better than predicted. If each user has more than one process executing at a time or if there is a great disparity in the work performed by

Definition Of Noise Pollution

Definition Of Noise Pollution The definition of noise pollution is can be elaborate as a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible. Noise pollution contaminants are not physical particles, but rather waves that interfere with naturally-occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment. Sounds are considered noise pollution if they adversely affect wildlife, human activity, or are capable of damaging physical structures on a regular, repeating basis. In the broadest sense of the term, a sound may be considered noise pollution if it disturbs any natural process or causes human harm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis. 1.12 Measurement for sound Sound is transmitted in series through the air with the wave compressed. When it comes to sound, there are three terms that can connected with it, the strength, pitch or frequency. Strength calculated in units of decibels (dB). Decibel is a ratio expressed on a logarithmic scale. This logarithmic scale takes care of wide range of sound power, intensity and pressure. The decibel (dB) scale begins from zero, which represents the faintest sound, which is audible to a normal ear. Decibel (dB) is used in environmental noise pollution as a measure of sound power level, sound intensity level and sound pressure level. A decibel is a physical unit based on the weakest sound that can be detected by the human ear. It is named after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Our human ear sensitivity to noise in the range of 20 to 20,000. 1.13 Sources of noise pollution People living in urban city complained about the noise from automobile traffic, overhead airplanes and helicopters, leaf blowers, pneumatic drills, and neighbors who play their televisions and stereos much too loudly. Large urban areas are being inundated by unwanted sounds. These sounds or noises are disturbing, disrupting ongoing activities and peaceful interludes. One cannot concentrate on a work project if there is constant drilling at a nearby construction site. It is virtually impossible to enjoy a television program when overhead jets frequently drown out its sound. It is difficult to fall asleep if your upstairs neighbors stereo system is blasting away. There are many sources of noise pollution that created in urban areas. The sources in general may be stationary or mobile. The example of stationary sources is such as when use of loudspeakers on various occasions like festivals, elections, worships in temples, mosques and during advertisements, mining operations, use of bulldozers, drillers and dynamites to break rocks, household gadgets like vacuum cleaner, TV, radio, stereo, grinder, mixer. In the other hand, mobile sources can be classified in Transportation / Traffic noise (Road Traffic or Highway Noise), Industrial noise, Noise from construction work and also Neighborhood noise.   Noise has direct physiological effects to human such as hearing damage which can be including hearing loss and tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, as well as cardiovascular and hormonal disturbances. Indirect effects include sleep loss, interference with concentration and learning, mood changes and aggression, and social isolation. Noise pollution is also becoming huge problem for many animals. Their hearing for detecting predators, finding mates, establishing territory, and recognizing warning alerts. Unnaturally high levels of noise can damage their hearing and can also mask more subtle sounds that they need to hear in order to survive and reproduce. They may also react with a fight-or-flight response to artificial sounds such as aircraft noise, thereby using up valuable energy reserves to flee from a non-existent predator. If noise in urban area becomes too intrusive, animals may shift to a new territory or alter their migration patterns, which can create new complications for their mating and survival. Noise Pollution effects the environment. As we all known that plants are similar to human being. They are also as sensitive as man. There should be cool and peaceful environment for their better growth. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops in a pleasant atmosphere. Aim To awareness people that lived in urban areas when surrounding with noise pollution. I would like to cultivate and make a mass awareness to urban population since the level of awareness on the noise environmental issues is very low in urban areas. This will make a step of prevention to aware the dangerous of noise pollution surrounding them and how they can avoid or decrease the level of noise and know the effects and causes related to noise pollution. 1.3 Plan of the Research The plan is to investigate the level of awareness of the society regarding the environmental issues particularly on noise pollution issue. What are the best actions that need to be taken to make the society/community is aware. One of the plans is creating the survey questions. It will be asked questions to test their personality and attitude towards the environment especially on noise pollution. By performing these tasks, we can identify the best strategy to get peoples attention on this serious matter. This is a few questions that will be discussed. 1.4 Research Question What are the effects of noise on human health How does noise affect babies and children? What are the most common sources of noise pollution? What problems does noise pollution cause for people? What problems does noise pollution cause for animals? What are the effects of noise pollution on the environment? What can I do personally to reduce my own noise pollution? How can we reduce the noise pollution? What are the precautions we can take to avoid noise pollution? Do you think public is aware of the noise pollution issue? How can we educate people to make them emotionally/spiritually aware in better ways such as storytelling, video art etc? Does urbanization affects/increase the level of noise? Do you think we can totally get rid of noise pollution in urban cities? Are you aware that there are rules and regulations regarding noise? Research for (digital record) location The other plan is to record some digital audio (sound) and visual (video) to show the main causes of the noise pollution. The planning location is such as Main town Highway road LRT / Commuter rail Factories Neighborhood around the town Entertainment place (club, pub) Construction in the town 1.5 Justification for the Research Noise is all around us, but that doesnt mean we should just placidly accept unhealthy and unsafe levels of noise. Exposure to loud or constant noises can contribute to or cause hearing loss or a reduction in your ability to hear some frequencies of sound. Noise can prevent us from sleeping, which in turn affects our health and mood. Noise can distract us from our work, leading to errors and their consequences. And noise can produce high stress levels by triggering the bodys flight-or-fight response, which in turn leads to high blood pressure. In short, noise is not just a nuisance; it is a real health issue. By doing this research, I may contribute and helping people living in the urban areas to give some awareness regarding noise pollution and at the same time will save our habitat and environment in urban areas. Throughout reading my research paper and artwork, it will create awareness and people will be able control the sound and decrease the level of the noise pollution in urban areas. Furthermore people in the cities also can avoid from getting some health effects regarding noise pollution. . 1.6 Methodology I will gather data from internet sources, magazines, journals and etc Documentary I will try to get documentaries and speeches by environmentalists. Interview I will try to find people from Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) to answer some questions via email. Survey I have prepared questions as my survey. Visual- I will get some information about noise pollution via audio video in spot location in urban city. 1.7 Scope Sample from MMU students aged from 18-30 years old. Public aged from 18-30 years old. 1.8 Outline of the Thesis Chapter 1 I will provide the introduction details of my research topic. Chapter 2 I will put up the works of the previous researchers have done theoretically and practically. Chapter 3 I will provide the details such as materials to collect data and the details of the investigation. Chapter 4 I will discuss the result that I gathered from chapter 3 and will provide full analysis of interpreting data in the form of tables, charts and figures. Chapter 5 I will answer all the questions stated in the chapter 1. I will then interpret the research findings and check if they the data agree with the aims and proposal of my research and will provide recommendation if theres need. 1.9 Definitions Urban An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns. Pollution- Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life. Noise- Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that degrades the quality of signals and data.   Noise occurs in digital and analog systems, and can affect files and communications of all types, including text, programs, images, audio, and telemetry.

How to Be Successful Business Manager

How to be successful Business Manager Introduction Everyone desired to success. In the business field, becoming a successful manager is what the majority long for . No body changes into a well-rounded manager overnight. Learning is necessary for everyone during this process. â€Å"People learn to manage by managing under guidance of a good manager†Ã¢â‚¬â€-Michael Armstrong. Experiences can undoubtedly be an excellent tutor for success, but having a good guide can further allow one to make use of his or her experiences into the largest extent. Being a successful manager requires a huge amount of skills and knowledge.In this paper, not all elements will be mentioned, but the five essential elements have been chosen to be discussed: work smart , risk management, interpersonal talent and skills, Self-management and Leadership skills. Work Smart – Work Effectively and Efficiently To express how to work smartly, Susanne Madsen, a PRINCE2 and MSP practitioner and a qualified Corporate and Executive coach, tells us her tale of success. Work smarter, not harder, as explained by Susanne, means working less and accomplishing more by increasing the working quality. (2)To get things done wisely, she highlights the significance for correcting one’s internal persuasion and attitude towards his or her task that it is not a burden. One could , then, get the vigor for working again. According to the writer’s own experience, she shows that self-assessment and continuous self-adjustment are the paramount importance for success. She also suggests two key points: first, is deputation. A manager should depute the less vital jobs to the others and use those times to communicate more with the major person associated to the project for developing a better linkage with them.Second, is initiative. A manager should get a more well-round plan at the beginning instead of responding the incident or risk when it has been occurred. I am glad to read the inspirationa l article written by a top leader in the world. She gives a great arousal to me. Her sharing and skills are useful, not only at the workplace, but also at the senior academic level. I believe that many college students, just like me, are having the improper belief that the project is burdensome. Why can’t I alter my mindset to abandon the constraints and step up to success smartly?Just try it! Self-management Walter Vieira (2005) proves that people refuse to face realistic self-image and idealistic self-image is biased,(p. 33) and so to evade the results of their SWOT analysis which about their advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threat environment. (p. 34) However, people do not understand their strength and weakness, will not be able to strengthen and improve , they cannot develop their abilities. In addition, they need to assess that whether they have the basis element include a positive goal, ambition and energy .They also need to know whether they have clearly a ware of their thoughts adaptable ,witty and creativity. He said that people have two reason of requesting an identity, one is for higher living standards, and another is satisfying others' expectation. He agreed with Cyrus Vance that people always evaluate their progress with friends. They were unhappy because their achievements are worse than the others. (p. 35) Therefore he reminded that people not to compare and assess their progress with others, because different people do different things ,will have different progress, as long as compliance with their own plans on the line. p. 35-36) But learning from observing others ,and the through others to observe their own, then the combined best quality of themselves and others. (p. 36) In my opinion, successful managers need to have a correct plan; in order to achieve their positive goals. I think Walter Vieira missed this important point. Therefore, they should know how to assess whether their plan is feasible under environment efforts . For example, their plan need to change when financial crisis. Leadership skills Leadership is the central factor to influence a general manager's success.In the book Successful Management, Neville (1995) believes that leadership has five main dimensions: first, defining a vision is the preliminary stage. The best leaders are adroit at thinking the unique and picking up creativity . They are not faint-hearted of change. When the vision has been ascertained, leaders should be attain it (17-8). Second, he said that commitment to success is not only about eagerness, drive and the will to win, it is also about the interminability of preparation (18). Third, he believes that leader should communicate unabashedly and frankly.Because communicate can let the team learn more experiences from each other (18). Fourth, is challenging in status quo. Young managers should find more innovative solutions in the business market (19). Finally, is about the personal characteristics which are found in extraordinary leaders. He highlights that flexibility, enthusiasm, integrity, willingness to experiment, ability to inspire others, to build relationship, to inspire trust, to communicate and to delegate, those are most routinely emphasize in outstanding leaders(19).He concludes that intellect is missing from these five dimensions, it is not nonessential, just because the role of leadership is too wide and it is not always necessary to have high intellect (19). To a large extent, I agree with Neville that the five main dimensions of leadership. I believe that communication is the most important part of the leadership, it permeates every aspect of the business. All managers, especially those leading teams, they communicating with the workforce is a demanding and rewarding task. Interpersonal talent and skills A successful businessman must possess good communication skills.He should provide different channels for the staff to express opinions which helps understandings of companyâ₠¬â„¢s objectives. Effective communication with employees can ensure thorough understandings of leader’s decisions and expectations on their work. Maintaining a comfortable working environment can  encourage staff to be more willing to talk to their senior level (219). Reduced status difference (219) and enhanced staff morale help collection of employees’ feedbacks and  suggestions, which contributes to company improvements and also help ensure all staffs are working towards same goals.I believe a successful businessman should be a good leader and team player. It is very important that a person can share his knowledge and experience with his employees. He should ensure his messages and decisions can be effectively convey to them. To build up a good relationship with staff, he should respect and encourage them to participate in production and provide new ideas in work. Appreciation of work participation creates good staff morale and motivates them to work towards sam e organizational goals. A person will not be successful if he cannot work well with his subordinates and employees.Even if he has lots of marvelous ideas but no one is willing to work with him, he will only be a talented individual instead of a successful leader in the company. Risk management skills Living with, and challenged by risks, Nick Jackson believed that risk has tightly stick onto the business management agenda. Just as the key, people who learn for robust the risk management can succeed in their business. No matter what risk are the leaders facing, the major challenge is that how to identify, tackle and monitor the risk, and to plan for understandable, maintainable and applicable contingency plan.Not much people could reach this in industry today, he thought, they can recognize the risks whereas fail to observe the dormant influence or lost the sight of controlling systems. There are only less than 30% organizations can manage the risk well even not in effective way. (p. 38) Moreover, Nick stated that the ‘risk’ would be in some positive terms instead of negative. He regarded that people should not only keep improving in the way they manage the difficulties, but also focus on how to avoid from the negative impacts of self-satisfied when they are in advantages. (p. 42)I have been reminded by Nick Jackson that in every single moment, we cannot slack off from supervise the risk in any format. It required the all-round critical thinking. We cannot stop monitor the business from tackled one risk. It is hard and tough to handle this section in the business. And it is a great challenge to all businessman or administrator. g Conclusion â€Å"The productivity of work is not the responsibility of the worker but of the manager. † – Peter F. Drucker, Expert Management Consultant. All in all, the five abilities which stated on the above passages are inseparable.These five categories has shown that how can the manager strengthen the pr oductivity and competitiveness in the industry. They can end up this topic with one sentence, â€Å"Manage yourself well then lead the team to work with communication and risk management plan smartly. † Within this project, we recognized that these skills are not only applicable in the business related industry, but also in different criteria of different industries. In 21st Century, people deserve better quality of services and the bosses deserve higher efficiency of works from their staff. As the result, this paper will be valuable to majority of worldReference Bain, Neville. , â€Å"Management or leadership? † Successful Management. 1st ed. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,14-9. Print C. N. Cheng. â€Å"Communication in Business. † Introduction to Business Studies. (Revised Edition). 1st ed. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co, 2009. 212-231. Print Kinicki, Angelo. , and Williams Brian K. â€Å"The nature of leadership. † Management: A Practical Introduction. 4th ed. Americas, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009. 436-38. Print. Nick, Jackson. â€Å"Risk is on the corporate agenda, but where does it fit? †Managing Business Risk. 3rd ed.Great Britain: Kogan Page Ltd,2006. Print Samson, Danny. , and Richard L. Daft. â€Å"Leadership in organisation. † Fundamentals of management. 2nd ed. South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Thomson Learning Australia, 2005. 427-31. Print. Susanne Madsen. â€Å"My Story:Work smarter not harder†Projectsmart. co. uk. Projectsmart ,10 September 2011. Web. 10 April 2012 Walter Vieira. Manager to CEO :corporate wisdom for survival and success. New Dehli/Thousand Oaks/London:Tejeshwar Singh for Response Book -stage Publications Inc,2005. print

The functions of an Insurance Firm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5637 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The insurance firms functions making insurance products and attains profitability through charging premiums exceeding overall expenses of the firm and making wise investment decisions in maximizing returns under varied risk conditions. The method of charging premiums depends on various underlying factors such as number of policy holders, number of claims, amount of claims, health condition, age, gender of the policy holder and so on. Some of these factors such as loss aggregate claims and human mortality rates have adverse impact on determining the premium calculation to remain solvent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The functions of an Insurance Firm" essay for you Create order Likewise, these factor need to be modelled using large amount of data, loads of simulations and complex algorithms to determine and manage risk. In this dissertation, we shall consider two important factors affecting the premiums, the aggregate loss claims and human mortality. We shall use theoretical simulations using R and use Danish loss insurance data to model aggregate claims. The Human Mortality Database (HMD)1 is used and smoothed human mortality rates are computed to price life insurance products respectively. In chapter 2, we shall examine the concepts of compounds distribution in modelling aggregate claim and perform simulations of the compound distribution using R packages such as MASS and Actuar. Finally, we shall analyse Danish loss insurance data from 1980 to 1990 and fit appropriate distributions using customized generically implemented R methods. In chapter 3 we shall explain briefly on concepts of graduation, generalised linear models and smoothing technique s using P-splines. We shall obtain deaths and exposure data from human mortality database for selected countries Sweden and Scotland and implement mortality rates smoothing using MortalitySmooth package. We compare the mortality rates based on various sets such as males and females for specific country or total mortality rates across countries like Sweden and Scotland for a given time frame ranging age wise or year wise. In chapter 4, we shall look into various life insurance and pension related products widely used in the insurance industry and construct life tables and commutation functions to implement annuity values. Finally, we shall provide the concluding comments of this dissertation in chapter 5. Chapter 2 Aggregate Claim distribution 2.1 Background Insurance based companies implement numerous techniques to evaluate the underlying risk of their assets, products and liabilities on a day- to-day basis for many purposes. These include Computation of premiums Initial reserving to cover the cost of future liabilities Maintain solvency Reinsurance agreement to protect from large claims In general, the occurrence of claims is highly uncertain and has underlying impact on each of the above. Thus modelling total claims is of high importance to ascertain risk. In this chapter, we shall define claim distributions and aggregate claims distributions and discuss some probabilistic distributions fitting the model. We also perform simulations, goodness of fit on data and conclude this chapter by fitting aggregate claim distribution to Danish fire loss insurance data. 2.2 Modelling Aggregate Claims The dynamics of insurance industry has different effects on the number of claims and amount of claims. For instance, expanding insurance business would have proportional increase on number of claims but negligible or no impact on amount of claims. Conversely, cost control initiatives, technology innovations have adverse effect on amount of claims but have zero effect on number of claims. Consequently, the aggregate claim is modelled based on the assumption that the number of claims occurring and amount of claims are modelled independently. 2.2.1 Compound distribution model We define compound distribution as follows S Random variable denoting the total claims occurring in a fixed period of time. Denote the claim amount representing the i-th claim. N Non-negative, independent random variable denoting number of claims occurring in a time. Further, is a sequence of i.i.d random variables with probability density function given by and cumulative density function by with probability of 0 is 1 for 1iN. Then we obtain the aggregate claims2 S as follows With Expectation and variance of S found as follows Thus S, the aggregate claims is computed using Collective Risk Model3 and follows compound distribution. 2.3 Compound Distributions for Aggregate Claims As discussed in Section 2.2, S follows compound distribution, were the number of claims (N) is the primary distribution and the amount of claims(X) being secondary distribution. In this Section we shall describe the three main compound distributions widely used to model aggregate claims models. The primary distribution can be modelled based on non-negative integer valued distributions like Poisson, binomial and negative binomial. The selection of a distribution depends from case to case. 2.3.1 Compound Poisson distribution The Poisson distribution is referred to distribution of occurrence of rare events, number of accidents per person, number of claims per insurance policy and numbers of defects found in product manufacturing are some of the real time examples of Poisson distribution. Here, the primary distribution N has a Poisson distribution denoted by N ~ P(ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » with parameter ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ». The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows for x=0,1. Then S has compound Poisson distribution with parameters ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » and denoted as follows S ~ CP(ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ », and 2.3.2 Compound Binomial distribution The binomial distribution is referred to distribution of number of successes occurring in an event, the number of males in a company, number of defective components in random sample from a production process are real time examples representing this distribution. The compound binomial distribution is a natural choice to model aggregate claims when there is an upper limit on the number of claims in a given time period. Here, the primary distribution N has a binomial distribution with parameters n and p denoted by N ~ B(n,p. The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows For x=0,1,2.n Then S has compound binomial distribution with parameters n, p and denoted as follows S ~ CB(n, p , -p) 2.3.3 Compound Negative Binomial distribution The compound negative binomial distribution models aggregate claim models. The variance of negative binomial is greater than its mean and thus we can use negative binomial over Poisson distribution if the data has greater variance than its mean. This distribution provides a better fit to the data. Here, the primary distribution has a negative binomial distribution with parameters n and p denoted by N ~ NB(n,p with n0 and 0p1. The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows for x=0,1,2. Then S has a compound negative binomial distribution with parameters n, p and denoted as follows S ~ CNB(n,p, 2.4 Secondary Distributions Claim Amount Distributions. In previous Section 2.3, we defined the three different compound distributions widely used. In this section, we shall define the generally used distributions to model secondary distributions for claim amounts. We use positive skewed distributions. Some of these distributions include Weibull distribution used frequently in engineering applications. We shall also look into specific distributions such as Pareto and lognormal which are widely used to study loss distributions. 2.4.1 Pareto Distribution The distribution is named after Vilfredo Pareto4 who used it in modelling economic welfares. It is used these days to model income distribution in economics. The random variable X has a Pareto distribution with parameters and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » where, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » 0 and is denoted by X~ ( or X ~ Pareto(, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ») The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows For x0 2.4.2 Log normal Distribution The random variable X has a Log normal distribution with parameters and where, 0 and is denoted by X ~ LN(, ), Where, and are the mean and variance of Log(X). The log normal distribution has a positive skew and is a very good distribution to model claim amounts. The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows For x0 and 2.4.3 Gamma distribution The gamma distribution is very useful to model claim amount distribution. The distribution has shape parameter , and scale parameter ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ». Then the random variable X has a Gamma distribution with parameters and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » where, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » 0 and is denoted by X~ ( or X ~ Gamma(, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ») The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows For x0 2.4.4 Weibull Distribution The Weibull distribution is extreme valued distributions, because of its survival function it is used widely in modelling lifetimes. The random variable X has a Weibull distribution with parameters and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » where, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » 0 and is denoted by X~ ( The probability density function, expectation and variance are given as follows For x0 2.5 Simulation of Aggregate claims using R In Section 2.3 we discussed about aggregate claims and the various compound distributions used to model it. In this section we shall perform random simulation using R program. 2.5.1 Simulation using R The simulation of aggregate claims was implemented using packages like Actuar, MASS5. The generic R code available in Programs/Aggregate_Claims_Methods.r is given in Appendix 1 implements simulation of random generated aggregate claim of any compound distribution samples. The following R code below generates simulated aggregate claim data for Compound Poisson distribution with gamma as the claim distribution denoted by CP(10,. require(actuar) require(MASS) source(Programs/Aggregate_Claims_Methods.r) Sim.Sample = SimulateAggregateClaims (ClaimNo.Dist=pois, ClaimNo.Param =list(lambda=10),ClaimAmount.Dist=gamma,ClaimAmount.Param= list(shape = 1, rate = 1),No.Samples=2000 ) names(Sim.Sample) The SimulateAggregateClaims method in Programs/Aggregate_Claims_Methods.r generates and returns simulated aggregate samples along with expected and observed moments. The simulated data can then be used to perform various tests, comparisons and plots. 2.5.2 Comparison of Moments The moments of expected and observed are compared to test the correctness of the data. The following R code returns the expected and observed mean and variance of the simulated data Respectively. Sim.Sample$Exp.Mean;Sim.Sample$Exp.Variance Sim.Sample$Obs.Mean;Sim.Sample$Obs.Variance The Table 2.1 given below shows the simulated values for different sample size. Clearly the observed and expected moments are similar and the difference between them converges as number of sample increases. Samples size 100 1000 10000 100000 Observed Mean 10.431 09.953 10.008 09.986 Expected Mean 10 10 10 10 Observed Variance 20.72481 19.692 20.275 19.810 Expected Variance 20 20 20 20 Table 2.1 Comparison of observed and expected moments for different sample size. 2.5.3 Histogram with curve fitting distributions Histograms can provide useful information on skewness, information on extreme points in the data, the outliers and can be graphically measured or compared with shapes of standard distributions. The figure 2.1 below shows the fitted histogram of simulated data compared with standard distributions like Weibull, Normal, Lognormal and Gamma respectively. The function PlotAggregateClaimsData(Agg.Claims) is used to plot the histogram along with fitted standard distributions. The histogram is plotted by dividing them in to breaks of 50. The simulated data is then fitted using the fitdistr() function in the MASS package and fitted for various distributions like Normal,Lognormal,Gamma and Weibull distribution. The following R program describes how the fitdistr() function in MASS is used to compute the Gamma parameters and plot the respective curve as described in Figure 2.1 gamma = fitdistr(Agg.Claims,gamma) Shape = gamma$estimate[1] Rate= gamma$estimate[2] Scale=1/Rate Left = min(Agg.Claims) Right = max(Agg.Claims) Seq = seq(Left,Right,by= 0.01) lines(Seq,dgamma(Seq,shape=Shape, rate= Rate, scale=Scale), col = blue) Figure 2.1 Histogram of simulated aggregate claims with fitted standard distribution curves. 2.5.4 Goodness of fit The goodness of fit compare the closeness of expected and observed values to conclude whether it is reasonable to accept that the random sample fits a standard distribution or not. It is type of hypothesis testing were the hypotheses are defined as follows. : Data fits with the standard distribution : Data does not fit with the standard distribution The chi-square test is one of the ways to test goodness of fit6. The test uses histogram and compares it with the fitted density. It is used by grouping data into different intervals using k breaks. The breaks are computed using quantiles. This computes the expected frequency,. , the observed frequency is calculated using the product of difference of the c.d.f with sample size. The test statistic is defined as Where is the observed frequency and is expected frequency for k breaks respectively. To perform simulation we shall use breaks of 100 to split the data into equal cells of 100 and use histogram count to gro up the data based on the observed values. Large values of leads to rejecting null hypothesis The test statistic follows distribution with k-p-1 degrees of freedom where p is the number of parameters in the standard fitted distribution. The p-value is computed using 1- pchisq() and is accepted if p-value is greater than the significance level . The following R code computes chi-square test Test.ChiSq=PerformChiSquareTest( Samples.Claims= Sim.Sample$AggregateClaims,No.Samples=N.Samples) Test.ChiSq$DistName Test.ChiSq$X2Val;Test.ChiSq$pvalue Test.ChiSq$Est1; Test.ChiSq$Est2 Test Statistic Gamma Normal Lognormal Weibull 125.466 160.2884 439 91 p-value 5.609* 0 Table 2.2 Chi-Square and p-value for compound Poisson distribution The highest p-value signifies better fit of data with the standard distribution. In the above simulation, table 2.2 explains that Weibull distribution provides a better fit with the following para meters shape =2.348 and scale = 11.32, The eye-ball of the histogram confirms the same. 2.6 Fitting Danish Data 2.6.1 The Danish data source of information In this Section we shall use a statistical model and fit a compound distribution to compute aggregate claims using historical data. Fitting data into a probability distribution using R is an interesting exercise, and is worth quoting All models are wrong, some models are useful George E. P.; Norman R. Draper (1987). In previous section we explained fitting distribution, comparison of moments and goodness of fit to simulated data. The data source used is Danish data7 composed from Copenhagen Reinsurance and contains over 2000 fire loss claims details recorded during 1980 to 1990 period of time. This data is adjusted for inflation replicating 1985 values and are expressed in Danish Krone (DKK) currencies in millions. The data recorded are large values and are adjusted for inflation. There are 2167 rows of data over 11 years. Grouping the data over years results in 11 aggregate samples of data. This would be insufficient information to fit and plot the distribution. Therefore, the dat a is grouped month-wise aggregating to 132 samples. The figure 2.2 shows the time series plot against the aggregate claims inferring the different claims occurred monthly from 1980 to 1990, it also shows the extreme values of loss claims and the time of occurrence. There are no seasonal effects on the data as the 2 sample test for summer and winter data is compared and the t-test value infers there is no difference and conclude that there is no seasonal variation. Figure 2.2 Time series plot of Danish fire loss insurance data month wise starting 1980-1990. The expectation and variance of the aggregate claims are 55.572 and 1440.7 respectively. The expectation and variance of aggregate claims number are 16.41667 and 28.2. As discussed previously in Section 2.3.3, negative binomial distribution can be considered as a natural choice for modelling claim numbers since variance is greater than the mean. The data is plotted and fitted into an histogram using fitdistr() function in MA SS package of R. 2.6.2 Analysis of Danish data We shall do the following steps to analyse and fit the Danish loss insurance data. Obtain the claim numbers and loss aggregate claim data month wise. As discussed in Section 2.6.1, we choose primary distribution to be negative binomial and use fitdistr() function to obtain the parameters. Conduct Chi-square test to test the goodness of fit for claims distribution on aggregate claims and obtain the necessary parameters Simulate for 1000 samples using Section 2.5.1, also plot the histogram along with the fitted standard distributions as described in Section 2.5.2. Perform chi-square test to identify the optimal fit and obtain the distribution parameters. 2.6.3 R program Implementation We will do the following to implement Danish data fitting using R program. The following R code reads the Danish data available in DataDanishData.txt, segregate the claims month wise, to calculate sample mean and variance and plots the histogram with fitted standard distributions. require(MASS) source(Programs/Aggregate_Claims_Methods.r) Danish.Data = ComputeAggClaimsFromData(Data/DanishData.txt) Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimData = round(Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimData, digits = 0) mean(Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimData) var(Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimData) Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimData mean(Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimNos) var(Danish.Data$Agg.ClaimNos) Figure 2.3 Actual Danish fire loss data fitted with standard distributions of 132 samples. In the initial case N has negative binomial distribution with parameter; k= 25.32 and p=.6067. Test Statistic Gamma Normal Lognormal Weibull 95.273 142.243 99.818 118 p-value .53061 .0019 .40199 .072427 T able 23 Chi-Square and p-value for Danish fire loss insurance data Based on chi-square goodness of fit test shown in table 2.3, we shall consider the secondary distribution as gamma distribution with parameters; Shape =3.6559 and scale = 15.21363. We simulate using 1000 samples and obtain aggregate claim samples using Section 2.5.1. The plot and chi square test values are defined below as follows. The generic function PerformChiSquareTest(), previously discussed in Section 2.4 is used here to compute values of and p-value pertaining to = distribution. Figure 2.4 Histogram of simulated samples of Danish data fitted with standard distributions The figure 2.4 above shows simulated samples of Danish data calculated for sample size 1000, it also shows the different distribution curves fitted to the simulated data. The chi-square values are tabulated in table 2.4 below. Test Statistic Normal Gamma Lognormal Weibull 123.32 84.595 125.75 115.50 p-va lue .036844 .8115 .02641 .09699 Table 2.4 Chi-Square and p-value for compound Negative Binomial distribution for Danish insurance loss data. The results described in Table 2.4 suggest that the optimal possible choice of model is Gamma distribution with parameters Shape = 8.446 and Rate = .00931 Chapter 3 Survival models Graduation In the previous Chapter 2, we discussed about aggregate claims and how it can be modelled and simulated using R programming. In this chapter, we shall discuss on one of the important factors leading to the occurrence of a claim, the human mortality. Life insurance companies use this factor to model risk arising out of claims. We shall analyse and investigate the crude data presented in human mortality database for specific countries like Scotland and Sweden and use statistical techniques in smoothing data. MortalitySmooth package is used in smoothing the data based on Bayesian information criterion BIC, a technique used to determine smoothing parameter; we shall also plot the data. Finally we shall conclude by performing comparison of mortality of two countries based on time. 3.1 Introduction Mortality data in simple terms is recording of deaths of species defined in a specific set. This collection of data could vary based on different variables or sets such as sex, age, years, geographical location and beings. In this section we shall use human data grouped based on population of countries, sex, ages and years. Human mortality in urban nations has improved significantly over the past few centuries. This has attributed largely due to improved standard of living and national health services to the public, but in latter decades there has been tremendous improvement in health care which has made strong demographic and actuarial implications. Here we use human mortality data and analyse mortality trend compute life tables and price different annuity products. 3.2 Sources of Data Human mortality database (HMD)1 is used to extract data related to deaths and exposure. These data are collected from national statistical offices. In this dissertation, we shall look into two countries Sweden and Scotland data for specific ages and years. The data for specific countries Sweden and Scotland are downloaded. The deaths and exposure data is downloaded from HMD under Sweden Deaths https://www.mortality.org/hmd/SWE/STATS/Deaths_1x1.txt Exposure https://www.mortality.org/hmd/SWE/STATS/Exposures_1x1.txt Scotland Deaths https://www.mortality.org/hmd/GBR_SCO/STATS/Deaths_1x1.txt Exposure https://www.mortality.org/hmd/GBR_SCO /STATS/Exposures_1x1.txt They are downloaded and saved as .txt data files in the directory under /Data/Conutryname_deaths.txt and /Data/Conutryname_exposures.txt respectively. In general the data availability and formats vary over countries and time. The female and male death and exposure data are shared from raw data. The total column in the data source is calculated using weighted average based on the relative size of the two groups male and female at a given time. 3.3 P-Splines Techniques in Smoothing Data. A well-known actuary, Benjamin Gompertz observed that over a long period of human life time, the force of mortality increases geometrically with age. This was modelled for single year of life. The Gompertz model is linear on the log scale. The Gompertz law8 states that the mortality rate increases in a geometric progression. Hence when death rates are A0 B1 And the linear model is fitted by taking log both sides. = a + bx Where a = and b = The corresponding quadratic model is given as follows 3.3.1 Generalized Linear models and P-Splines in smoothing data Generalized Linear Models (GLM) are an extension of the linear models that allows models to be fit to data that follow probability distributions like Poisson, binomial, and etc. If is the number of deaths at age x and is central exposed to risk then By maximum likelihood estimate we have and by GLM, follows Poisson distribution denoted by with a + bx We shall use P-splines techniques9 in smoothing the data. As mentioned above, the GLM with number of deaths follows Poisson distribution. We fit a quadratic regression using exposure as the offset parameter. The splines are piecewise polynomials usually cubic and they are joined using the property of second derivatives being equal at those points, these joints are defined as knots to fit data. It uses B-splines regression matrix. A penalty function of order linear or quadratic or cubic is used to penalize the irregular behaviour of data by placing a penalty difference. This function is then used in the log likelihood along with smoothing parameter .The equations are maximised to obtain smoothing data. Larger the value of implies smoother is the function but more deviance. Thus, optimal value of is chosen to balance deviance and model complexity. is evaluated using various techniques such as BIC Bayesian information criterion and AIC Akaikes information criterion techniques. Mortalitysmooth package in R implements the techniques mentioned above in smoothing data, There are different options or choices to smooth data using P-splines, The number of knots ndx ,the degree of p-spine whether linear, quadratic or cubic bdeg and the smoothing parameter lambda. The methods in MortalitySmooth package fit a P-splines model with equally-spaced B-splines along x axis. There are four possible methods in this package to smooth data, and BIC is the default value chosen by MortalitySmooth in smoothing data. AIC minimization is also available but BIC provides better outcome for large values. In this di ssertation, we shall smooth the data using default option BIC and using lambda value. 3.4 MortalitySmooth Package in R program implementation In this section we describe the generic implementation of using R programming to read deaths and exposure data from human mortality database and use MortalitySmooth10 package to smooth the data based on P-splines. The following code presents below loads the following require(MortalitySmooth) source(Programs/Graduation_Methods.r) Age -30:90; Year - 1959:1999 country -scotland ;Sex - Males death =LoadHMDData(country,Age,Year,Deaths,Sex ) exposure =LoadHMDData(country,Age,Year,Exposures,Sex ) FilParam.Val -40 Hmd.SmoothData =SmoothedHMDDataset(Age,Year,death,exposure) XAxis - Year YAxis-log(fitted(Hmd.SmoothData$Smoothfit.BIC)[Age==FilParam.Val,]/exposure[Age==FilParam.Val,]) plotHMDDataset(XAxis ,log(death[Age==FilParam.Val,]/exposure[Age==FilParam.Val,]) ,MainDesc,Xlab,Ylab,legend.loc ) DrawlineHMDDataset(XAxis , YAxis ) The MortalitySmooth package is loaded and the generic implementation of methods to execute graduation smoothening is avail able in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r. The step by step description of the code is explained below. Step:1 Load Human Mortality data Method Name LoadHMDData Description Return an object of matrix type which is a mxn dimension with m representing number of ages and n representing number of years. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth function. Implementation LoadHMDData(Country,Age,Year,Type,Sex) Arguments Country Name of the country for which data to be loaded. If country is Denmark,Sweden,Switzerland or Japan the SelectHMDData function of MortalitySmooth package is called internally. Age Vector for the number of rows defined in the matrix object. There must be at least one value. Year Vector for the number of columns defined in the matrix object. There must be at least one value. Type A value which specifies the type of data to be loaded from Human mortality database. It can take values as Deaths or Exposures Sex An optional filter value based on which data is loaded into the matrix object. It can take values Males, Females and Total. Default value being Total Details The method LoadHMDData in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r reads the data available in the directory named Data to load deaths or exposure for the given parameters. The data can be filtered based on country, age, year, type based on Deaths or Exposures and lastly by sex. Figure: 3.1 Format of matrix objects Death and Exposure for Scotland with age ranging from 30 to 90 and year 1959 to 1999 The Figure 3.1 shows the format used in objects Death and Exposure to store data. A matrix object representing Age in rows and Years in column. The MortalitySmooth package functions only for specific countries listed in the package. They are Denmark,Switzerland,Sweden and Japan. The data for these countries can be directly loaded by using SelectHMDData() function available in MortalitySmooth R package. LoadHMDData function checks the value of the variable country and if Country is equal to any of the four then SelectHMDData() function is implemented else customized generic function i s called to return the data objects. The return matrix objects format in both functions remains exactly the same. Step 2: Smoothing HMD Dataset Method Name SmoothedHMDDataset Description Returns a list of smoothed object based BIC and Lambda of matrix object type which are of mxn dimension with m representing number of Ages and n representing number of years. These object are specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth() function and are customized for mortality data only. Smoothfit.BIC and Smoothfit.fitLAM objects are returned along with fitBIC.Data fitted values. SmoothedHMDDataset (Xaxis,YAxis,ZAxis,Offset.Param) Arguments Xaxis Vector for the abscissa of data used in the function Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth package in R. Here, age vector is value of XAxis. Yaxis Vector for the ordinate of data used in the function Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth package in R. Here, year vector is value of YAxis. ZAxis Matrix count response used in the function Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth package in R. Here, Death is the matrix object value for ZAxis and dimensions of ZAxis must correspond to the length of XAxis and YAxis. Offset.Param A Matrix with prior known values to be included in the linear predictor during fitting the 2d data. Details. The method SmoothedHMDDataset in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r smoothes the data based on the death and exposure objects loaded as defined above in step 1. The Age, year and death are loaded as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively with exposure as the offset parameter. These parameters are internally fitted in Mortality2Dsmooth function available in MortalitySmooth package in smoothing the data. Step3: plot the smoothed data based on user input Method Name PlotHMDDataset Description Plots the smoothed object with user given information such as axis, legend, axis scale and ain description details. Implementation PlotHMDDataset (Xaxis,YAxis,MainDesc,Xlab,Ylab,legend.loc,legend.Val,Plot.Type,Ylim) Arguments Xaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be age or year based on user request. Yaxis Vector for plotting Y axis value. Here the value would be Smoothened log mortality vales filtered for a particular age or year. MainDesc Main plot caption describing about the plot. Xlab X axis label. Ylab Y axis label. legend.loc A customized location of legend. It can take values topright,topleft legend.Val A customized legend description details it can take vector values of type string. Val,Plot.Type An optional value to change plot type. Here default value is equal to default value set in the plot. If value =1, then figure with line is plotted Ylim An optional value to set the height of the Y axis, by default takes max value of vector Y values. Details The generic method PlotHMDDataset in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r plots the smoothened fitted mortality values with an option to customize based on user inputs. The generic method DrawlineHMDDataset in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r plots the line. usually called after PlotHMDDataset method. 3.5 Graphical Representation of Smoothed Mortality Data. In this section we shall look into graphical representation of mortality data for selected countries Scotland and Sweden. The generic program discussed in previous Section 3.4 is used to implement the plot based on user inputs. Log mortality of smoothed data vs. actual fit for Sweden. Figure 3.3 Left panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for Sweden based on age 40 and year from 1945 to 2005. The points represent real data and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lambda =10000 respectively. Right panel: Plot of Age vs. log(Mortality) for Sweden based on year 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent real data red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lambda =10000 respectively. Figure 3.3 describes plot of smoothed mortality vs. actual data for Sweden for ages and years respectively. The actual data are displayed as points and red and blue represents the smoothed curves BIC and lambda. MortalitySmooth package uses default smoothing technique BIC and lambda=10000 to smooth data in two different ways. Log mortality of smoothed data vs. actual fit for Scotland Figure 3.4 Left panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for Scotland based on age 40 and year from 1945 to 2005. The points represent real data and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lambda =10000 respectively. Right panel: Plot of Age vs. log(Mortality) for Scotland based on year 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent real data red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lambda =10000 respectively. Figure 3.4 describes plot of smoothed mortality vs. actual data for Scotland for ages and years respectively. The actual data are displayed as points and red and blue represents the smoothed curves BIC and lambda. MortalitySmooth package uses default smoothing technique BIC and lambda=10000 are set to adjust the smoothing parameter. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Sweden The Figure 3.5 given below represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and year wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the years and has been a sudden increase of male mortality from mid 1960s till late 1970s for male The life expectancy for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 vs. 74.92 for women and it had been increasing for women to 77.06 and just 72.2 for male in the next decade which explains the trend11. The 3.5 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the year 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.06 at birth and has been consistently decreasing to 1.03 during 15-64 and .79 over 65 and above clearly explaining the trend for Sweden mortality rate increase in males12 is more than in females. Figure 3.5 Left panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for Sweden based on age 40 and year from 1945 to 2005. The red and blue points represent real data for males an d females respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and BIC females respectively. Right panel: Plot of Age vs. log(Mortality) for Sweden based on year 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The red and blue points represent real data for males and females respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and BIC females respectively. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Scotland The figure 3.6 Left panel describes consistent dip in mortality rates but there has been a steady increase in mortality rates of male over female for a long period starting mid 1950s and has been steadily increasing for people of age 40 years. The 3.6 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the year 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.04 at birth and has been consistently decreasing to .94 during 15-64 and .88 over 65 and above clearly explaining the trend for Scotland mortality rate13 increase in males is more than in females. Figure 3.6 Left panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for Scotland based on age 40 and year from 1945 to 2005. The red and blue points represent real data for males and females respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and BIC females respectively. Right panel: Plot of Age vs. log(Mortality) for Scotland based on year 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The red and blue points represent real data for males and females respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and BIC females respectively. Log mortality of Scotland Vs Sweden The figure 3.7 Left Panel shows that the mortality rates for Scotland are more than Sweden and there has been consistent decrease in mortality rates for Sweden beginning mid 1970s where as Scotland mortality rates though decreased for a period started to show upward trend, this could be attributed due to change in living conditions. Figure 3.7 Left panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for countries Sweden and Scotland based on age 40 and year from 1945 to 2005. The red and blue points represent real data for Sweden and Scotland respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and BIC Scotland respectively. Right panel: Plot of Year vs. log(Mortality) for countries Sweden and Scotland based on year 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The red and blue points represent real data for Sweden and Scotland respectively and red and blue curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and BIC Scotland respectively.